In a March 4, 2024, blog item entitled “Sweating the Small Stuff: 20 years of NIOSH Research on Engineering Controls for Nanotechnology,” the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) highlighted the control approaches that it has recommended, “based on extensive research on the pharmaceutical, coatings, and cosmetic industries”:

• General Safe Practices for Working with Engineered Nanomaterials in Research Laboratories (2012): Provides approaches to working with nanomaterials for the research community, which is at the front line of creating and using novel nanomaterials; and
• Current Strategies for Engineering Controls in Nanomaterial Production and Downstream Handling Processes (2013): Focuses on the industrial environment and describes common processes that had been shown by NIOSH and other investigators to result in worker exposures in the production and use of nanomaterials.

NIOSH states that following the publication of Current Strategies for Engineering Controls in Nanomaterial Production and Downstream Handling Processes, it developed short documents called Workplace Design Solutions to address the most common manufacturing processes. NIOSH notes that these documents include illustrations of controls along with performance criteria to allow companies or industrial hygiene consultants to identify commercially available technologies or to discuss the design with a qualified industrial ventilation firm. In addition, the following three guidance documents provide summary information on control evaluation, preventative maintenance, worker training, and housekeeping:

• Protecting Workers during Nanomaterial Reactor Operations: Provides engineering control recommendations for loading and unloading (or harvesting) and cleaning of small and large reactors such as those typically used for carbon nanotube production;
• Protecting Workers during the Handling of Nanomaterials: Provides engineering control recommendations for handling of small quantities of nanomaterials using common ventilated enclosures such as chemical fume hoods, biological safety cabinets, ventilated balance enclosures, and gloveboxes. The details on how to best use each of these controls and considerations for use are discussed; and
• Protecting Workers during Intermediate and Downstream Processing of Nanomaterials: Provides engineering control recommendations for ball milling, spray drying, thermoplastic extruding, filling, or emptying of product bags, and the use of downflow booths for larger scale material handling tasks.

In discussing what is next, NIOSH notes that the engineering team learns from collaborations with companies to help solve worker exposure issues and find better ways to reduce potential adverse health effects from nanomaterials. The team works closely with their colleagues within the NIOSH Nanotechnology Research Center (NTRC), including the Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Field Studies Team. According to NIOSH, over the next 20 years, NTRC “plans to seek out new industry partners. This continued collaboration will explore exposure challenges and develop cost-effective solutions to the variable landscape of nanomaterials.”