/>iThe focus in Web3 law the past few weeks has been on jurisdictional issues when litigating matters involving borderless digital asset transactions. This is expected to be an ongoing issue, as courts work through these challenges in both civil and criminal claims. Digital asset developers and users often have very little control over limiting transactions to certain jurisdictions without requiring the counterparty to perform identity verification (which raises a whole host of other issues), so these are not going to be easy determinations to make. There were also developments in pending stablecoin legislation, and the IRS is looking to finalize its digital asset reporting form for upcoming tax years.
These developments and a few other brief notes are discussed below.
Richard Heart Moves to Dismiss SEC Lawsuit Related to HEX/PulseChain: April 8, 2024
Background: Richard Heart has filed a Motion to Dismiss in the SEC’s case against him related to the $HEX cryptocurrency and PulseChain blockchain. Heart, the founder of PulseChain, is known for flashy displays of wealth which even industry participants have criticized. However, as a U.S. citizen who is a resident of Helsinki, Finland, the case raises interesting issues as to the extraterritorial reach of the SEC in borderless digital asset cases.
Summary: While Richard Heart is a controversial figure on social media, the legal arguments around Heart’s jurisdictional defenses are something to watch. In this case, the SEC is trying to use the fact that PulseX is a Uniswap fork (i.e., took the same Uniswap opensource code with slight changes) as an E.D.N.Y. forum hook. It is a case worth following on that aspect alone, as it will have massive implications on what is required to create jurisdiction over international digital asset transactions.
SEC Investigating Decentralized Finance Platform Uniswap: April 10, 2024
Background: The SEC issued a Wells notice to the Uniswap Foundation, signaling the agency’s intent to bring a suit against the DeFi giant. While the contents of the notice have not been made public, Uniswap’s Founder and Chief Legal Officer both had strong words against the agency. Taking the dispute public before any charges have been filed has been criticized by some and applauded by others.
Summary: When FTX/3AC/Terra/Celsius failed, platforms like Uniswap, Coinbase, Kraken, and others were designed and run well enough to honor billions in user withdrawals at a rate that would bankrupt any bank with fractional reserves. If anything, the ability of Uniswap to handle such dramatic outflows showed the resiliency that DeFi is capable of. Also, interesting points from Gabe Shapiro and the Uniswap civil case on how the market maker smart contracts potentially at issue are not run by Uniswap. But since this is just a threat of a lawsuit at this point, the legal community will need to wait to see what the lawsuit itself looks like, and if it has anything to do with the recent fee switch proposal by Uniswap.
Lummis-Gillibrand Payment Stablecoin Act Proposed in Senate: April 17, 2024
Background: Senators Lummis and Gillibrand have released proposed legislation titled the Lummis-Gillibrand Payment Stablecoin Act which incorporates some elements of their previously proposed omnibus crypto legislation but is focused exclusively on stablecoins. This is also distinct and has many important differences from the stablecoin legislation which has passed the House Financial Services Committee but has yet to be put up for vote for the full House. Cap Hill Crypto does a great job as always breaking down the bill.
Summary: Apparently, Congresswoman Maxine Waters thinks the stablecoin bill in the House is “very, very close — very close” after previously trying to kill it in committee, and noted crypto-critic Sherrod Brown has reportedly said he is open to advancing a stablecoin bill under certain conditions, so it is looking increasingly likely that some version of stablecoin legislation has a (slim) chance of passing this year. It seems reasonable for depository institutions like banks or certain merchants to only be permitted to custody stablecoins that are provably backed 1-to-1 by the issuing entity (like Circle for USDC) so long as consumers have the choice to own and use other stablecoins. Avoiding another Terra/Luna and making dollar substitutes actually be back by dollars is something that should be generally supported. But this new bill faces criticism from various industry groups.
Mango Markets Exploiter Convicted in Criminal Trial: April 18, 2024
Background: Avraham “Avi” Eisenberg was convicted on one count of commodities manipulation, one count of commodities fraud, and one count of wire fraud related to his role in the $110 million exploit of the digital asset platform Mango Markets. Avi previously admitted to his actions online, referring to his actions as a “profitable trading strategy” and asking “What are you gonna do, arrest me?” There will likely be an appeal on issues such as the choice of the New York forum for this trial, and the exclusion of Avi’s proposed expert testimony from being considered by the jury.
Summary: Avi did not testify in the trial related to his Mango Markets exploit in 2022, but he was still convicted. While this was (likely) the correct result on the commodities manipulation count, it does bring to light flaws in a system where three different agencies (DOJ, CFTC, and SEC) all brought cases against Avi and all define the token at issue (MNGO) as different things. It also creates potentially problematic implications going forward if the use of a smart contract governed protocol in certain ways can be “fraud” despite no deceiving statements being made and those actions not meeting the required elements under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. You can read more about the conviction including quotes from Jonathan Schmalfeld in the Bloomberg Law article Crypto Trader’s Fraud Conviction Undercuts Exchange Code Defense.
Briefly Noted:
IRS Releases Draft Crypto Reporting Form: The IRS released a draft crypto reporting form which includes reporting by un-hosted wallet providers. Not sure if the IRS realizes that all that is required for an un-hosted wallet is something that can record the required amount of seed phrase words, i.e., a piece of paper.
Coinbase Requested Interlocutory Appeal on Investment Contract Issues: Coinbase is seeking an interlocutory appeal of its Motion for Judgment loss regarding investment contract issues. Seemingly with a smart strategic move of not seeking review of the staking determination and limiting it to an issue which the SEC itself has stated is important enough for interlocutory appeal in its Ripple litigation. Generally, interlocutory appeal requests are denied, but with a case of this importance, it is possible that Judge Failla does want input from the Court of Appeals for these issues of law.
Senate Republicans Release Counter to Senator Warren Bill: Senate Republicans have released a counter to the Senator Warren bill, which they titled the "Ensuring Necessary Financial Oversight and Reporting of Cryptocurrency Ecosystems Act" ("ENFORCE Act"). This has very little chance of passing but is instead a counter proposal to potentially make Senate Democrats back off certain aspects of their currently pending legislation.
Conclusion:
In recent weeks, the complex web of jurisdictional issues surrounding digital asset transactions has brought new challenges and developments to the forefront of Web3 law. From Richard Heart's jurisdictional defense against the SEC to the resilience of DeFi platforms like Uniswap, these cases highlight the evolving legal landscape in which digital assets operate—transcending traditional boundaries and questioning established regulatory frameworks. The proposed Lummis-Gillibrand Payment Stablecoin Act and the SEC's scrutiny suggest a shift towards greater regulation and oversight, while the conviction of Mango Markets' exploiter underscores the judicial system's effort to adapt to new forms of financial manipulation.
As these developments unfold, they not only shape the immediate legal strategies of involved parties but also set precedents that will influence the future of digital asset regulation. The ongoing legal and legislative efforts signal a critical phase in defining the balance between innovation and regulation in the ever-evolving domain of cryptocurrencies.
