President Biden issued a Proclamation on 21 April 2022 to “prohibit Russian-affiliated vessels from entering into United States ports.” As discussed in this alert, this action significantly builds upon U.S. sanctions against Russia in the maritime sector that already target certain vessels, cargos, and blocked parties. Some vessels that were previously not impacted by existing U.S. sanctions against Russia may now be barred from entering U.S. ports under this Proclamation.

I. RUSSIAN VESSEL BAN

The Proclamation’s ban on the entry of Russian-affiliated vessels goes into effect on 28 April 2022 at 12:01 a.m. Eastern Daylight Time and applies to all vessels that either: (1) sail under the Russian flag (i.e., are registered in Russia); (2) are Russian owned (i.e., the legal title of ownership of the vessel that appears on the ship’s registration documents is the government of the Russian Federation or a Russian company, citizen, or permanent resident); or (3) are Russian operated (i.e., a Russian company, citizen, or permanent resident is responsible for the commercial decisions concerning the employment of a ship and decides how and where that asset is employed).

The Proclamation makes a narrow exception for the entry of Russian-affiliated vessels used in the transport of “special nuclear material,” “source material,” and “nuclear byproduct material,” as those terms are defined under the Atomic Energy Act. The Proclamation also permits entry of Russian-affiliated vessels due to force majeure to allow seafarers to disembark or embark for purposes of conducting crew changes, emergency medical care, or for other humanitarian need.

II. VESSEL BAN ENFORCEMENT - DENIAL OF ENTRY INTO U.S. WATERS

The Proclamation’s ban on Russian-affiliated vessels was issued pursuant to the Magnuson Act, 46 U.S.C. § 70051, which provides the Secretary of Homeland Security and the U.S. Coast Guard broad authority to control the movement of foreign flag vessels in U.S. waters, including the right to seize such vessels under some circumstances. The Proclamation cites this statutory authority expressly.

All foreign flag vessels destined for U.S. ports are screened by the U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Customs & Border Protection, and a variety of other agencies within the U.S. government. Upon submission of a vessel’s 96-hour Advanced Notice of Arrival, the vessel is screened by these agencies. During that screening process, if the vessel is determined to be a Russian-affiliated vessel, the U.S. Coast Guard will issue an order to the vessel denying entry into U.S. waters pursuant to the Magnuson Act and the Proclamation. Violations of such orders may result in significant criminal and civil penalties. If such an order is issued, a vessel owner or operator has the right to appeal the order to higher authorities, pursuant to existing regulations.

As a practical matter, vessel owners, charterers, and operators will be best served by conducting robust due diligence to identify and resolve potential issues of concern, prior to submission of the Advanced Notice of Arrival for the vessel.

III. OTHER MARITIME-RELATED SANCTIONS

The ban on Russian-affiliated vessels builds upon existing U.S. sanctions against Russia that relate to vessels calling U.S. ports.¹ Principal among these are the blocking of certain Russian vessels and restrictions on import shipments of certain Russian-origin goods.

A. Blocked Vessels and Owners

Pursuant to various executive orders issued between 2014 and 2022, the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) has designated approximately 40 Russian-affiliated vessels to the Specifically Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List (SDN List). Numerous other vessels are blocked by virtue of the fact that they are owned 50% or more by parties on the SDN List. Like any other blocked property, if these vessels enter U.S. jurisdiction or the possession of a U.S. person, they must be physically blocked and can be seized by U.S. authorities. U.S. shippers, freight forwarders, insurers, financial institutions, suppliers, and other U.S. persons are strictly prohibited from any dealings with such vessels, including chartering, booking cargo, or providing any goods, services, or funds for blocked vessels.

Sovcomflot, Russia’s largest shipping company, is not fully blocked (as of the date of this alert) but, under Directive 3 of Executive Order 14024, Sovcomflot is subject to debt restrictions. Specifically, U.S. persons (or persons within the United States) are prohibited from all dealings with Sovcomflot in new debt of longer than 14 days maturity or new equity (where such new debt or new equity is issued on or after 26 March 2022). Among other things, this restriction prohibits any extension of credit or payment terms to Sovcomflot that are longer than 14 days.

B. Import Shipments

In addition to sanctions that block vessels and bar Russian-affiliated vessels from U.S. ports, U.S. sanctions impose restrictions on import shipments that involve certain cargos and cargo interests. Under Executive Order 14066, shipments into the United States of most Russian-origin energy products are prohibited, including shipments of Russian crude oil, petroleum, petroleum fuels, oils, and products of their distillation; liquefied natural gas, coal, and coal products. Under Executive Order 14068, import shipments of Russian-origin products, such as fish, seafood, seafood preparations, alcoholic beverages, and non-industrial diamonds are also prohibited.

Even when imported cargo falls outside the categories of goods subject to specific import bans, shipments to the United States may nevertheless be subject to sanctions if they involve (directly or indirectly) blocked parties or property—i.e., parties on the SDN List or parties/property owned 50% or more by one or more parties on the SDN List.

IV. DUE DILIGENCE

To avoid the potential of being denied entry into U.S. ports, prior to engaging in trade in the United States, all vessel owners, operators, charterers, and other vessel interests should carefully review all affiliations to Russian citizens, corporations, or other entities to ensure the vessel will not be deemed a “Russian-affiliated vessel” under the Proclamation.

More broadly, U.S. sanctions, like those described above, call for continuous due diligence on the part of all U.S. and non-U.S. parties involved in the shipment of goods to the United States. It is important to screen all vessels, vessel owners, charterers, cargo interests, financial institutions, and any other parties involved directly or indirectly in the shipment to ensure they are not blocked or subject to other trade restrictions.

It is also necessary to be alert and to investigate any “red flags” that suggest the use of deceptive shipping practices, such as: ship-to-ship transfers used to conceal facts regarding the vessel, its cargo, or parties involved; disabling or manipulating a vessel’s automatic identification system (AIS) to conceal a vessel’s movements; and falsifying cargo and vessel documents, including false certifications regarding the cargo’s country of origin. OFAC discussed such illicit shipping and sanctions evasion practices in the Sanctions Advisory, published in May 2020.