On April 1, 2025, the Secretary of Commerce initiated, pursuant to President Trump’s directive, two new investigations under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (Section 232), one on imports of pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical ingredients, and derivative products of those items (collectively, pharmaceuticals) and the other on imports of semiconductors, semiconductor manufacturing equipment (SME) and their derivative products (collectively, semiconductors). These investigations are initiated to determine whether imports of pharmaceuticals and semiconductors threaten to impair U.S. national security. Around one third of investigations completed under Section 232 during President Trump’s first and second administrations have led to tariffs at a rate of 25% on U.S. imports of these products.

To determine the effects of pharmaceutical and semiconductor imports on national security, the Secretary of Commerce is soliciting written comments, data, analyses or other pertinent information from the public, with an anticipated deadline of May 7, 2025. Information and argument provided should aid Commerce’s assessment of the factors set forth in 19 U.S.C. § 1862(d), such as domestic production needed for projected national defense requirements, the capacity of domestic industries to meet such requirements and the availability of the resources essential to the national defense.

In addition to these statutory factors, Commerce will evaluate the criteria listed in 15 C.F.R. § 705.4 as they affect national security and are soliciting information and argument from the public on these criteria as well.

For pharmaceutical imports, the criteria include the following 10 factors:

1. The current and projected demand for pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical ingredients in the United States;
2. The extent to which domestic production of pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical ingredients can meet domestic demand;
3. The role of foreign supply chains, particularly of major exporters, in meeting United States demand for pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical ingredients;
4. The concentration of United States imports of pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical ingredients from a small number of suppliers and the associated risks;
5. The impact of foreign government subsidies and predatory trade practices on United States pharmaceuticals industry competitiveness;
6. The economic impact of artificially suppressed prices of pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical ingredients due to foreign unfair trade practices and state-sponsored overproduction;
7. The potential for export restrictions by foreign nations, including the ability of foreign nations to weaponize their control over pharmaceutical supplies;
8. The feasibility of increasing domestic capacity for pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical ingredients to reduce import reliance;
9. The impact of current trade policies on domestic production of pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical ingredients, and whether additional measures, including tariffs or quotas, are necessary to protect national security; and
10. Any other relevant factors.

For semiconductor, relevant criteria include the following 14 factors:

1. The current and projected demand for semiconductors (including as embedded in downstream products) and SME in the United States, differentiated by product type and node size;
2. The extent to which domestic production of semiconductors can or is expected to be able to meet domestic demand at each node size for each product type, and similarly the extent to which domestic production of SME can or is expected to be able to meet domestic demand;
3. The role of foreign fabrication and assembly, test and packaging facilities in meeting United States semiconductor demand, and similarly the role of foreign supply of SME in meeting domestic demand;
4. The concentration of United States semiconductor imports (including as embedded in downstream products) from a small number of fabrication facilities and the associated risks, and similarly the concentration of United States SME imports from a small number of foreign sources;
5. The impact of foreign government subsidies and predatory trade practices on United States semiconductor and SME industry competitiveness;
6. The economic or financial impact of artificially suppressed semiconductor and SME prices due to foreign unfair trade practices and state-sponsored overcapacity;
7. The potential for export restrictions by foreign nations, including the ability of foreign nations to weaponize their control over semiconductors and SME supply chains;
8. The feasibility of increasing domestic semiconductor capacity (in different product types and node sizes) to reduce import reliance, and similarly the feasibility of increasing domestic SME capacity to reduce import reliance;
9. The impact of current trade policies on domestic semiconductor and SME production and capacity, and whether additional measures, including tariffs or quotas, are necessary to protect national security;
10. What product types and node sizes could be built only using SME from U.S. companies;
11. What SME is manufactured abroad and faces limited competition from U.S.-made products;
12. What SME parts or components are only available outside the United States;
13. Where the U.S. workforce faces a talent gap in production of semiconductors, SME or SME components; and
14. Any other relevant factors.

Section 232 requires the Secretary of Commerce to complete an investigation and submit a report to the President within 270 days of initiating any investigation; the President then has up to 90 days to decide whether to concur with the report and take action, which may include import tariffs, quotas or other measures as needed to address the threat. Notably, however, there is nothing preventing the Commerce or the President from moving more quickly – and, in statements issued shortly before the investigation announcements, Secretary of Commerce Howard Lutnick stated that pharmaceutical tariffs will be implemented “in the next month or two.”

President Trump has initiated a total of 12 Section 232 investigations during his first and second administrations, of which eight have been completed. Three completed investigations – pertaining to imports of steel, aluminum, and automobiles – have resulted in import tariffs currently set at 25%. Three other investigations (uranium, titanium sponge and grain-oriented electrical steel) reached affirmative determinations but resulted in alternative actions. The other two investigations resulted in a finding of no national security threat or were withdrawn.

President Trump’s directive that Commerce investigate semiconductor and pharmaceutical imports under Section 232 follows his recent executive orders that it investigate imports of copper and lumber under this same provision and marks a continuation of the Trump Administration’s use of Section 232 as a preferred mechanism to bolster domestic production and reduce reliance on foreign suppliers.