I have practiced law for 40 years with the vast majority as a “construction” lawyer. I have seen great… and bad… construction lawyering, both when representing a party and when serving over 300 times as a mediator or arbitrator in construction disputes. I have made my share of mistakes and learned from my mistakes. I was lucky enough to have great construction lawyer mentors to lean on and learn from, so I try to be a good mentor to young construction lawyers. Becoming a great and successful construction lawyer is challenging, but the rewards are many. The following is No. 9 of the top 10 mistakes I have seen construction lawyers make, and yes, I have been guilty of making this same mistake.

While the legal profession has come a long way as far as being “paperless,” with few exceptions, construction legal disputes still maintain a high level of tree killing. To be clear, clients have moved on and are at the forefront, using AI as well as project specific software (like Procore) to manage the enormous amount of documentation necessary to timely and properly design and build large projects. While I have served on a few arbitration panels where all sides cooperate and have presented exhibits exclusively via thumb drives/laptops and links, these are the exceptions and not the rule. Last year, I was on a panel for a three-week arbitration involving six parties (owner, architect, prime contractor, surety, two subcontractors). Despite pre-hearing admonitions by the panel for counsel to work cooperatively on joint exhibits, clearly labeled and numbered, the parties presented each panel member with a total of 60 black exhibit books, each more than six inches thick… and 75% of the exhibits in each side’s set were exactly the same. Precious time was wasted during the hearing dealing with redundant and poorly organized exhibits and caused a lot of confusion. A typical exchange went something like this: “Panel, please go to our Exhibit Book 23, exhibit 235, and sorry, this exhibit has 45 pages that are not numbered, so go somewhere in the middle.” Counsel and the arbitrators would then stand up, reach back to their exhibit book stack, sort through and find the right numbered book, haul it back to the table, move (or step over) the five books they just used, pull open the book with the three-hole binder (which typically gets broken), and try to find the referenced exhibit.   

There’s a better way, and before the construction lawyers out there grind their teeth and shake their heads, please remember that your goal as an advocate is to persuade the arbitrator of the merits of your client’s position. Anything you can do to make the arbitrator’s decision easier (yes, treat your arbitrator like Santa) should be done. Here are just a few of the ways – some easy, some hard – that have been implemented to address this issue, especially in large, multi-week arbitrations, with hundreds of exhibits and scores of witnesses:

1. Go fully or even partially paperless.
   • This takes full cooperation and coordination with not only counsel, but the arbitrator (who may still want hard copies).  Technology is great until it is not. Is the hearing room appropriate and has the necessary technology? Of course, no need to worry about a room if it is a 100% virtual arbitration (which happened many times during COVID). But, what’s plan B if something goes wrong? Chaos happens, and that’s no good especially if it happens to you (and thus your client).     
2. Create a joint set of exhibits.
   • Most good arbitrators mandate in the initial scheduling order that counsel exchange a list of all possible exhibits 30 days prior to the hearings and then work together in good faith (yes, I know that can be hard) to create a joint set of exhibit books. As mentioned above, if each side prepares and brings its own set of exhibit books, it is certain that many, if not most, of the exhibits in each sides’ books will be identical. Avoiding duplication is really easier than you think. The books can be organized in sections with a joint index. By way of example: pre-hearing briefs; contracts; pay applications, pictures/videos, damages backup, summaries, specifications, expert reports; and a year-by-year chronology (notice letters and emails). Remember that generally the technical rules of evidence do not strictly apply in arbitrations, so there is no need to fight about relevancy or admissibility. Absent something unusual, all the submitted exhibits from all sides will be admitted by the arbitrator. While this process can take time and effort, setting aside the fact that it will make the arbitrator’s life easier (especially during the post-hearing award process), it has enormous benefits, including making the preparation of witnesses and examinations so much easier and more efficient. If you try it, you will like it. If the arbitrator does not suggest this process during the initial call, you should do so.  
3. Identify the exhibit books you will be using before an examination.
   • Do not wait until you begin a witness examination (direct or cross) to specify which book you will be using. Tell the arbitrator (and counsel) before you start which books you will be using so everyone can pull out those books and better follow your examination. Again, this eliminates all sides going back and forth to find the applicable witness books.  
4. Consider creating witness exhibit books. 
   • This may seem counterintuitive if the goals is to limit the number of books, but if you have a witness with a small number of exhibits that are scattered among multiple books, consider putting together an exhibit book for that witness that has the exhibits already numbered (as well as what books they are in).  
5. Color code the exhibit books on the front and the spine.
   • Most counsel use the same black exhibit books. While there may be a label on the front and sometimes the spine, especially if there are multiple books, there can be confusion and time wasted.  Using a different color code on the labels, or even different color binders, can help efficiency (“Please go to book 5, the red one.”).
6. Make sure each page in each exhibit is numbered.
   • While many of the exhibits will have their own numbers, confusion and delay occur when, for instance, there is an exhibit that has 20-60 pages, but the individual pages are not numbered. This happens with photos, long text streams and multiple invoices. There is nothing more frustrating for an arbitrator (and a witness), and it disrupts an examination, for the lawyer to say: “Please turn to book 18, exhibit 135, and if you go about ¼ of the way in, you will see a picture that looks like…” And no one can find it. Worse, halfway through your “Perry Mason-like” cross examination about that picture, the arbitrator says “Counsel, sorry, I must have been looking at the wrong picture. Can you orient me?” 
7. Make good decisions on what exhibits go into your books, and keep up with what exhibits have been used in the hearing.
   • The arbitrator understands that since there is limited pre-hearing discovery in most arbitrations (sometimes no depositions), the tendency is to include every possible document or email. But be careful not to dump scores of exhibits into books that may not even be used. This will impact your credibility. And pay close attention to what exhibits are actually used during the hearing. It may be (again, treat your arbitrator like Santa) that with everyone’s cooperation, there can be scores of exhibits removed from books, or even complete books can be withdrawn.

When there will be multiple exhibit books, these simple guidelines will help you, your client, and witnesses better prepare and present your case. You can enhance your credibility by using these tactics regarding exhibits prior to your next arbitration hearing.