According to the U.S. Treasury Department, every year a significant number of Americans renounce their U.S. citizenship. The reasons vary, and often include a stronger allegiance to another country, family dynamics, or the complexities of U.S. tax and financial regulations for citizens living abroad. Renouncing U.S. citizenship is a major decision with far-reaching consequences.

Why Do U.S. Citizens Renounce Their Citizenship?

• Simplified Taxation and Financial Planning: For many U.S. citizens living abroad, tax laws and IRS enforcement may be complex and burdensome. U.S. citizens are subject to taxes on worldwide income and must comply with extensive financial reporting requirements, even if they reside outside the United States. As a result, some Americans opt to renounce their citizenship to simplify their financial obligations.
• Allegiance to Another Country: Some individuals feel a stronger connection to another country. This is often the case for individuals who acquired U.S. citizenship by birth to foreign parents or those who were born abroad to U.S. citizen parents. For “incidental” U.S. citizens, citizenship, with its associated demands to comply with U.S. tax laws, may be viewed as more of a burden than a benefit, prompting them to relinquish it.
• Family Considerations: Sometimes U.S. citizens discover their citizenship status when they or their family members seek to move to the United States temporarily. In such cases, obtaining visas for foreign family members can be a lengthy process. Renouncing U.S. citizenship can sometimes simplify the process of keeping families together during temporary assignments. For those with passports from countries that may have different visa agreements, renouncing U.S. citizenship might offer easier travel or residency opportunities in other countries.

The Renunciation Process

Renunciation of U.S. citizenship is a formal and intentional process. Individuals considering this step should have, or be able to quickly obtain, another nationality. Otherwise, they risk becoming stateless, lacking the protection of any government, which may cause legal and travel challenges.

• Initial Steps: The renunciation process begins with scheduling an appointment with a diplomatic or consular officer, usually at a U.S. consulate or embassy abroad. During an initial interview, which may be conducted telephonically or electronically, individuals are informed about the consequences of renunciation. A reflection period follows before a second interview with a consular officer.
• Formal Renunciation: The individual must sign an Oath/Affirmation of Renunciation, formally renouncing their U.S. citizenship. The consular officer then forwards the Oath and a Certificate of Loss of Nationality to the U.S. Department of State (DOS). The process is complete after the DOS approves the loss of nationality. There is a $2,350 fee associated with the renunciation process, payable at the final interview.

Considerations

Renouncing U.S. citizenship is generally irrevocable and cannot be canceled or set aside without successful administrative or judicial appeal. Parents cannot renounce the citizenship of their minor children; minors seeking to renounce their U.S. citizenship must demonstrate that they are acting voluntarily and understand the implications. Individuals who renounced U.S. citizenship before the age of eighteen can have it reinstated within six months of turning eighteen.

• U.S. Immigration Consequences: Former U.S. citizens must apply for a nonimmigrant visa or use the visa waiver program to travel to the United States. Individuals determined by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security to have renounced U.S. citizenship to avoid taxation are inadmissible to the United States.
• Loss of Rights: Renouncing U.S. citizenship means relinquishing the right to vote in U.S. elections, the right to live and work in the United States without a visa, the right to a U.S. passport, and the protections of the U.S. Constitution.

Renouncing U.S. citizenship is a personal decision with significant implications. Coordinated legal and tax advice is critical for avoiding adverse consequences, even in seemingly straightforward cases.