On Sept. 24, 2019, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) decided that the “right to be forgotten” does not require a search engine operator to carry out de-referencing on non-EU member state versions of its search engine.
Background
The case relates to a penalty of €100,000 that the French data protection authority, CNIL, had imposed on Google in March 2016. In granting a de-referencing request, the search engine – on free speech grounds – declined to apply the de-referencing worldwide to all domain-name extensions of its search engine. Arguing for global freedom of expression, Google appealed the penalty and filed an application for the annulment of CNIL’s decision with the French Council of State. The French court then referred several questions concerning the territorial scope of the “right to be forgotten” to the CJEU for preliminary ruling.
The CJEU reviewed the case both under the former Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC (Privacy Directive) and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which replaced the Privacy Directive on May 25, 2018.
CJEU’s Considerations
In its ruling, the CJEU first reiterates that where its requirements are met, the “right to be forgotten” imposes a de-referencing obligation on search engine operators to remove from the list displayed following a search made on the basis of a person’s name all links to web pages that contain information relating to that person. According to the CJEU, this applies irrespective of whether the publications on those web pages are lawful or not.
In relation to the territorial scope of the “right to be forgotten”, the CJEU then explains that:
- numerous third countries outside the European Union do not recognize a right to de-referencing;
- the protection of personal data is not an absolute right but must be balanced against other fundamental rights, such as the right to freedom of information of internet users;
- the EU legislature has not, to date, struck such a balance in relation to the scope of de-referencing outside the European Union; and
- the relevant legal texts of the Privacy Directive and the GDPR do not imply that the scope of the “right to be forgotten” should go beyond the territory of the EU member states.
Conclusion
Consequently, the CJEU concludes that there is no obligation under EU law for a search engine operator to carry out de-referencing on all worldwide versions of its search engine as part of a data subject’s request to be forgotten.
However...
The court’s decision is unlikely the last word on the issue. A closer look is warranted regarding three additional explanations made by the CJEU:
- First, the court concludes that where the “right to be forgotten” applies, de-referencing, in general, needs to be carried out in all EU member states.
- Second, the CJEU explains, that where necessary, a search engine operator needs to take additional measures that effectively prevent, or at the very least, seriously discourage, internet users in the EU from gaining access to the links in question. These measures can, for example, include geo-blocking technologies or the automatic redirection of EU users to the national version of the search engine.
- Third, the CJEU explains that while EU data protection law does not require search engine operators to carry out worldwide de-referencing, it also does not prohibit such a practice. Therefore, supervisory and judicial authorities of EU member states, in consideration of their national standards, may continue to weigh the individual’s right to the protection of his or her data against other individuals’ right to freedom of information and, where appropriate, order the search engine operator to carry out a de-referencing concerning all worldwide versions of its search engine.
Outlook
It remains to be seen how the CJEU decision will be implemented by EU authorities, particularly when it comes to whether “additional measures” are necessary or whether EU authorities can ask search engine operators for worldwide de-referencing on the basis of their national data protection standards.
We will keep you updated on further developments. In the meantime, we will gladly answer any questions you might have on this subject matter.
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